Three Critical Issues in Sustainable Development Studies and the Transition Development of China

The core issue for China transition development in the next 30 years is to shift from the quantity growth model to the quality improvement model. The paper introduces the research progress in three key areas of sustainable development studies since the 1990s. It is pointed out that there is a well-being thresh-old at which the margin utility of economic growth for human well-being will decline, that there is an ecological limit beyond which more economic growth in terms of physical scale will be impossible, and that the creation of human well-being is related not only to the amount but also to the structure and efficiency of public expenditure from government. After an in-depth discussion on facts, origins and policy implications of each issue, some theory and policy thinking with long-lasting significance are raised for the transition development of China.     

三面受火的方钢管混凝土柱耐火极限

编制了预测方钢管混凝土柱三面火灾作用下高温反应的数值分析程序,并将之用于不同荷载比、截面边长、长细比、荷载偏心率、钢材和混凝土强度及含钢率共480种工况下方钢管混凝土柱耐火极限参数分析,得到了三面火灾作用下方钢管混凝土柱耐火极限的主要影响参数及其影响规律。基于参数分析结果,定量给出了该受火条件下方钢管混凝土柱耐火极限的简化计算方法。研究结果表明:荷载比、截面边长、长细比是三面火灾作用下方钢管混凝土柱耐火极限的主要影响参数,表现为截面边长越大,荷载比和长细比越小,构件的耐火极限越大。由于存在极强偏心,当荷载作用点偏于背火面时荷载偏心率亦有较大影响。     

无线电干扰系统电磁辐射安全限值的研究

在严格遵循国家有关部门电磁辐射防护规定中的相关标准情况下,进行无线电干扰系统的实验和操作中,发现当系统长时间使用时,按照电磁辐射相关安全标准设置安全间距仍会对人体健康产生不利影响。文章根据实验数据,对电磁辐射相关安全标准进行了深入研究和探讨,在对国家安全标准探讨的基础上提出考虑电磁辐射危害时不能仅仅将人体作为点来考虑,应充分认识到人体作为等效天线的特征以及吸收功率的问题。     

中国住宅室内BTEX浓度水平及其影响因素

2016年12月～2017年12月在全国5个气候区的223户民用住宅中进行不同季节入户,对空气中污染物采样,并对苯系物(苯、甲苯、二甲苯和乙苯)浓度进行分析.苯、甲苯、二甲苯和乙苯的算术平均浓度分别为6. 78、17. 4、17. 68和9. 87μg·m~(-3).相比其他国家室内苯系物浓度,中国室内苯系物浓度稍高;我国相关标准对于室内苯系物浓度的标准限值远高于其他国家和组织的标准限值.在众多影响室内苯系物浓度的因素中,主要分析了装修完工时间、吸烟和做饭频率与苯系物浓度的相关性.结果表明,室内苯系物浓度仅在装修后2 a内有明显地降低;与装修完工时间呈不显著的负相关关系;装修程度一致时,吸烟和不吸烟家庭中室内苯系物浓度无显著性差异,但吸烟时散发的苯可能更易于以三手烟的形式存在室内,长期室内苯的贡献率大于甲苯;做饭时产生的挥发性有机物主要是烷烃和醛酮类,而房间中苯系物浓度与做饭频率的相关性不大.     

空间飞行器界面力限控制技术研究

目的 研究力限控制技术,解决过试验问题.方法 以空间飞行器模拟件为试验对象,搭建力限振动试验系统.通过低量级正弦扫频试验方法获取力限参数.采用半经验法、简单二自由度法、复杂二自由度法的极小包络建立力限控制方程.对比研究力限控制与加速度限制控制两种方法对控制效果的影响.结果 在力限控制作用下,振动曲线控制比较稳定,且在预期的共振频带处呈现倒三角窄带下凹现象.相较于加速度限制方法,力限控制方法对共振现象限制比较稳定、精准,对共振峰抑制比较明显.结论 力限控制技术对共振现象具有较好的控制效果,可以针对共振频带进行精准控制.     

Seasonal dependency of controlling factors on the phytoplankton production in Taihu Lake, China

In this study, 44 profiles of gross primary productivity(GPP) and sunlight, along with water temperature, Chlorophyll-a(Chla) and nutrients, were observed in Meiliang Bay of Taihu Lake, China, in the spring, summer, and fall seasons. Effects of water temperature, light,and nutrient concentration were examined in relation to the GPP-unit-Chla(GPP of algae per Chla). The results showed that the optimum temperature for the GPP of phytoplankton was 27.9°C, the optimal PNA-unit-Chla(photon number absorbed by phytoplankton per Chla) was 0.25(mol), and the HSCN-unit-Chla and HSCP-unit-Chla(half-saturation constants of nitrogen and phosphorus of algae per Chla) were 0.005(mg/L) and 0.0004(mg/L), respectively. The seasonal dependency of the effect of different factors on the GPP was analyzed. Compared with temperature and nutrients, light was found to be the most important factor affecting the GPP during the three seasons. The effect of temperature and nutrients on the GPP of phytoplankton has obvious seasonal change. In spring, temperature was the secondary factor affecting the GPP of phytoplankton, and the effect of nutrients may be negligible in the eutrophic lake on account of temperature limit, which showed that the GPP of algae was only affected by the physical process. In summer and fall, temperature didn't affect the GPP of algae, and the presence of nutrients was the secondary factor affecting the GPP of phytoplankton. From summer to fall, effect of phosphorus was weakened and effect of nitrogen was enhanced.     

Experiment-based investigations of magnesium dust explosion characteristics

An experimental investigation was carried out on magnesium dust explosions. Tests of explosion severity, flammability limit and solid inerting were conducted thanks to the Siwek 20 L vessel and influences of dust concentration, particle size, ignition energy, initial pressure and added inertant were taken into account. That magnesium dust is more of an explosion hazard than coal dust is confirmed and quantified by contrastive investigation. The Chinese procedure GB/T 16425 is overly conservative for LEL determination while EN 14034-3 yields realistic LEL data. It is also suggested that 2000-5000 J is the most appropriate ignition energy to use in the LEL determination of magnesium dusts, using the 20 L vessel. It is essential to point out that the overdriving phenomenon usually occurs for carbonaceous and less volatile metal materials is not notable for magnesium dusts. Trends of faster burning velocity and more efficient and adiabatic flame propagation are associated with fuel-rich dust clouds, smaller particles and hyperbaric conditions. Moreover, Inerting effectiveness of CaCO₃ appears to be higher than KCl values on thermodynamics, whereas KCl represents higher effectiveness upon kinetics. Finer inertant shows better inerting effectiveness.     

可燃气体空间置换限值研究

在全面解析三元组分图构成要素和含义的基础上,分析可燃物质设备投用和停用过程中惰化置换的机理和浓度限值。可燃气体空间置换限值包括设备投用惰化置换时氧气的最高容许浓度(ISOC)和设备停用惰化置换时可燃气体的最高容许浓度(OSFC),二者可由试验和公式计算2种方式获得。与目前惰化置换时通常参照的限制氧浓度(LOC)、燃烧下限(LFL)等参数相比,ISOC和OSFC值可以更准确地表征惰化置换时临界浓度的意义。通过对部分可燃物质的ISOC和OSFC试验值及计算值进行对比分析,证明以LOC为依据计算出的ISOC和OSFC值与试验值具有更高的符合性;指出目前国内惰化置换浓度控制值采用统一规定值这一方式的不足;证明合理利用LFL,LOCI,SOC,OSFC等参数开展可燃气体密闭空间置换限值研究的科学合理性。     

注含氧氮气油藏产出气的爆炸极限与临界氧含量研究

西部某碳酸盐岩缝洞型油藏,在注入氮气的过程中,存在着氮气源内含有氧气的问题,这对油田的实际生产产生很大的安全威胁。为了研究该油藏注气的可行性,在室内进行了氮气不同含氧量条件下注入过程、生产过程以及处理过程中的安全性评估实验,得到不同含氧条件下注氮气驱的评价效果。研究表明:在高温高压油藏内部,氧气不会因分子质量较大等原因发生沉积;含氧氮气在油藏内部会与原油发生氧化反应,氧气含量越高,氧化反应越强;氧化产生的CO2对油藏的抽提作用明显,会使油藏流体变稠,气油比降低。文中用化学法和作图法对产出气体的临界氧含量作出简单确定,化学法确定临界氧含量为12%左右,作图法为16%,考虑到安全系数等因素,建议实际生产过程中氧气含量应低于8%。     

Copying and the repeatability of mate choice

Models of sexual selection by female choice require heritable variation in female mating preferences in order for sexual selection to operate. However, recent theoretical work shows that female preferences which are transmitted non-genetically can result in exaggeration of male ornamentation. Guppies exhibit both mate copying and considerable heritable variation in female preferences. I studied the importance of these phenomena by measuring repeatability of female mate choice, which acts as an estimate of the upper limit to which a feature may be heritable, and the incidence of mate choice reversal in paired-trial binary mate choice experiments. Mate choice was significantly repeatable except in the treatment where females were given the opportunity to copy a female that contradicted their original choice. Apart from this, I found no evidence that females copy the mate choice of others. The differences between males in ornamentation had no effect on the consistency of female mate choice or the probability that they would reverse their original choice decision (in both controls and the copying experiment). The interval between choice trials did not influence repeatability significantly, indicating that the independence of choice decisions is not related to the time interval between them. Received: 9 February 1996/Accepted after revision: 6 July 1996